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Interpret data using mean, median, mode, histograms, cumulative frequency, box plots, and scatter graphs.
Averages are fundamental to data analysis. Students must calculate mean, median, mode and range from raw data, frequency tables and grouped data, and understand which average is most appropriate in different contexts.
Frequency tables organise raw data into categories or class intervals for analysis. Students must construct tables, calculate totals, and use them to find averages and draw statistical diagrams.
Histograms display continuous grouped data using bars whose area (not height) represents frequency. This higher-tier topic requires students to calculate frequency density and interpret histograms with unequal class widths.
Cumulative frequency diagrams show running totals and are used to estimate the median, quartiles and interquartile range. Students draw the characteristic S-shaped curve and read off values at key percentile positions.
Box plots (box-and-whisker diagrams) display the five-number summary of a dataset and are ideal for comparing distributions. Students draw, interpret and compare box plots, calculating the interquartile range and identifying skewness.
Scatter graphs show the relationship between two variables and are used to identify correlation. Students plot data, draw lines of best fit, and use them to make predictions, while understanding the limitations of extrapolation.
Sampling methods determine how data is collected for a statistical investigation. Students must understand random, systematic and stratified sampling, and evaluate the strengths and limitations of each method.
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